THREE PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE:
THOREAU, GANDHI,
AND KING
By Nick Gier, Professor Emeritus, University
of Idaho (ngier∂uidaho.edu)
published in Lewiston Morning
Tribune, January 15, 2006
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True peace is not merely the absence of tension;
it is the presence of justice.�Martin Luther
King, Jr.
I�m sure that people have protested unjust laws ever since the first laws were
promulgated. Some scholars claim that Gandhi was influenced by an ancient
tradition of civil disobedience in his own country, and we now know that Gandhi
protested South African pass laws a year before he read Henry David Thoreau�s
famous work On Civil Disobedience in 1907. But
it cannot be doubted that Thoreau�s work did give an intellectual framework for
Gandhi�s program of active non-violence as well as new ideas for specific forms
of non-cooperation.
When faced with unjust laws, Thoreau proposed that people could �obey them,
amend them, . . . or transgress them.� With respect to the Fugitive Slave Law
of 1850, Thoreau chose to transgress. In eventually supporting the violent acts
of John Brown, Thoreau broke with the non-violence resistance to which Gandhi
and King consistently adhered. In July, 1846, Thoreau
refused to pay a poll tax and spent one night in jail for his crime.
Thoreau proclaimed that �under a government that imprisons unjustly, the true
place for a just man is also in prison.� Gandhi and King would go to jail
for much longer terms and willingly accept the punishment for breaking the law.
We can now begin to discern several principles of civil disobedience. The first
principle is that you maintain respect for the rule of law even while disobeying
the specific law that you perceive as unjust. Gandhi very much admired
Socrates� respect for Athenian law and his decision not to flee when his prison
guards were bribed. King was always confident that American democracy would
eventually treat his people as equal under the rule of law.
Non-violent activists do not seek to undermine the rule of law, but only
the repeal of unjust laws. Gandhi and King�s demands were clear and simple: laws
that discriminated and disenfranchised must be abolished. Indian outcastes,
African-Americans, and gays do not want �special rights�; they simply want the
rights that all others enjoy.
All legislators should realize that keeping
discriminatory laws that many reasonable people protest erodes
respect for the law.
The second principle of civil disobedience follows from the first: you should
plead guilty to any violation of the law. As Gandhi explains: �I am here to . .
. submit cheerfully to the highest penalty that can be inflicted upon me for
what in law is a deliberate crime and what appears to me to be the highest duty
of a citizen.�
Gandhi instructed his disciples to take the penance of their oppressors upon
themselves. Gandhi�s tactics were a form of moral and political ju jitzu.
Some of Gandhi�s judges felt as if they were the ones charged and convicted.
Thoreau said that his one night in jail made the state look foolish. We have now
arrived at the third principle of civil disobedience: you should attempt to
convert your opponent by demonstrating the justice of your cause. Active
nonviolence does not seek, as Gandhi says, �to defeat or humiliate your
opponents, but to win their friendship and understanding.�
Gandhi would have agreed with King�s axiom that �there is within human nature
something that can respond to goodness.� This is what gave King hope that �the
aftermath of nonviolence is the creation of the beloved community, while the
aftermath of violence is tragic bitterness.� Even though
Thoreau cited Hindu scriptures in his book Walden, there is a much stronger spiritual dimension to Gandhi�s and King�s political activism. One could criticize them for violating the
hallowed separation of politics from religion. This
criticism, however, is unfounded. The establishment clause
does not ban the expression of religious views; rather, it proscribes
the favoring of one religion over another. Gandhi�s and King�s vision was
inclusive and nonjudgmental, rather than declarations, such as a recent one by
an army officer in uniform that �our God is greater than Allah.�
Non-violent resistance to oppressive regimes had a good track record in the late
20th Century. From the Baltic States, across to the Ukraine, and
east to the Philippines, ordinary people in dozens of countries have proved
Thoreau correct: �When all subjects have refused allegiance, and all officers
have resigned from office, then the revolution is accomplished.�
Nick Gier taught religion and philosophy at the University of Idaho for
31 years. Excerpts from his book The Virtue of Non-Violence: from Gautama to
Gandhi can here.
For the success of non-violent revolution in the 20th Century see Peter Ackerman
and Jack Duvall, A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict
(Palgrave Press, 2000).